Double Jeopardy
The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. This provision affords a defendant three separate protections: it protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after aquittal. It protects agains a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction. And it protects against multiple punishments for the same offense. The bar against retrial after aquittal or conviction ensures that the State does not make repeated attempts to convict an individual, thereby exposing him to continued embarrassment, anxiety, and expense, while increasing the risk of and erroneous conviction or an impermissibly enhanced sentence.
The protection against multiple punishments is designed to ensure that the sentencing discretion of courts is confined to the limits established by the legislature. Double jeopardy law has been described as a veritable Sargasso Sea which could not fail to challenge the most intrepid judicial navigator. In recent years the Supreme Court has announced new watershed double jeopardy decisions, only to abrogate those decisions a few years later. Even basic propositions of double jeopardy law remain controversial.
The double jeopardy law applies to all criminal cases, including misdemeanor prosecutions. It also applies to juvenile deliquency proceedings, forbidding the state from prosecuting a defendant as an adult after the defendant was put in jeopardy in a juvenile proceeding for the same offense. The prohibition against multiple punishments for the same offense applies to fines as well as prison sentences.
The double jeopardy clause bars a second prosecution only if the defendant was actually put in jeopardy in the first prosecution. A defendant may be put in jeopardy even though the trial does not culminate in a verdict. In a case tried by a jury, jeopardy attaches when the jury is empanelled and sworn. In a bench trial, jeopardy attaches when the judge beings to hear evidence. Where the defendant pleads guilty, jeopardy attaches when the court accepts the plea. However, jeopardy does not attach with respect to charges dismissed with prejudice pursuant to a plea agreement where the dismissal does not involve any findings by the court as to the factual merits of those charges or any risk of conviction to the defendant. Jeopardy cannot attach, however, if the court does not have jurisdiction to try the defendant. Whether jurisdiction exists is determined by federal law even if the defendant has been tried in the same court.
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